Functional Area Plan: Production and Operations Essay

Part 1: Production and Operations Manager Composition The ultimate goal for the company is to foster growth and expansion by becoming the foremost provider in quality products and customer service. In order to reach this goal and experience 100% growth over the next five years, the Production and Operations department (â€Å"Productions†) must streamline its manufacturing and restructure inventory processes. At present, the current facility operates at maximum capacity. Adding second and third shifts will enable the company to meet consumer demand and to provide the right product for the right price. Duties and Responsibilities Operations management generally entails the maintenance and control of activities within an organization in producing its goods and services, (Foster & Ogden, 2008). As plastic is both versatile and economical, Productions recommend its continued use in the manufacturing of the special ball-bearing sliding mechanism. Another concern is the reduction of downtime. Productions will work hard to cultivate the talent within so there is necessary support for completion of all projects. Over the past few years, great strides have been made to optimize the efficiency of the units while continuing safe operation of all equipment. This includes having only highly skilled technicians to oversee product development in areas of plastic injection molding, thermoforming and paper conversion. Such expertise is imperative because these three functions are commonly selected for flexibility in the process of manufacturing plastic products, (â€Å"R&d engineering plastic,† 2009). Further, as Productions is responsible for the manufacturing of its signature coffee cup, it should remain abreast of any industrial changes to the raw materials or equipment used in making the product. Training and New Equipment In addition to the purchase of raw materials needed to manufacture the cup, there is sufficient capital to invest in new state-of-the-art equipment. The new software and technologies will enable greater efficiency and inventory control. Training of the new technologies and/or software tools and equipment will be mandatory. As permissible, there will be on-the-job training for qualifying workers to perform the heavier tasks to avoid delays in production due to absenteeism. Productions will recommend that potential managers attend webinars and related workshops sponsored by the Productions and Operations Management Society (POMS), to remain alert of new trends and innovations in this specific area of interest. Collaboration With Other Departments Besides the traditional overseeing of day-to-day operations, improving manufacturing activities through customer service falls within this scope as well (operations management, 2009). The Marketing Department (â€Å"Marketing†) has presented its strategies to draw new customers and double production figures. Through its core values of continuous improvement and accountability, Productions will accommodate Marketing by insisting on quality, but not at the expense of safety. This will require changes to its inspection procedure so that shoddy merchandise is not released. Based on data from Marketing’s research, there is strong reason to believe profits will continue. However, an independent report from Accounting and Finance (â€Å"Accounting†) indicates a new facility is not cost-efficient at this time. This notion has been shelved in favor of adding second and third shifts. Warehouse space will be acquired to house and inventory the raw materials. This will lead to several job openings in shipping and receiving. Other positions include quality assurance inspectors to examine the finished products as well as equipment maintenance. Productions will work closely with Human Resources (â€Å"HR†) to ascertain whether it will be apropos to hire a department liaison to handle internal customer-related issues. Code of Ethics All employees are expected to engage lawfully and professionally as they perform their duties at all times. Employees are not given authorization to engage fellow employees or customers in any illegal or unethical acts or behaviors. Any violations or suspicious activity must be reported promptly. A failure to comply may result in suspension or termination, (U.S. Bank code, 2011). Part 2: Production and Operations Manager Executive Summary Through high quality customer service and innovative products, the Productions and Operations Functional area is committed to superior product development. By hiring experienced technicians and providing on-the-job training of qualified workers, it will accommodate the company’s goals for excellence. A second and third shift will eliminate the need for unnecessary overtime. Webinar training and coaching sessions will likewise keep all workers abreast of current trends and changes in the industry.

Engineering Economics

Eng ineeri ng Economy Third Edition Leland T. Blank, P. E. Department of Industrial Engineering Assistant Dean of Engineering Texas A & M University Anthony J. Tarquin, P. E. Department of Civil Engineering Assistant Dean of Engineering The University of Texas at EI Paso McGraw-Hill Book Company New York S1. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Colorado Springs Hamburg Lisbon London Madrid Mexico Milan Montreal New Delhi Oklahoma City Panama Paris San Juan Silo Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto 4 Level One 1. Define and recognize in a problem statement the economy symbols P, F, A, n, and i. 1. 6 Define cash flow, state what is meant by end-of-period convention, and construct a cash-flow diagram, given a statement describing the amount and times of the cash flows. Study Guide 1. 1 Basic Terminology Before we begin to develop the terminology and fundamental concepts upon which engineering economy is based, it would be appropriate to define what is meant by engineering economy . In the simplest terms, engineering economy is a collection of mathematical techniques which simplify economic comparisons. With these techniques, a rational, meaningful approach to evaluating the economic aspects of different methods of accomplishing a given objective can be developed. Engineering economy is, therefore, a decision assistance tool by which one method will be chosen as the most economical one. In order for you to be able to apply the techniques, however, it is necessary for you to understand the basic terminology and fundamental concepts that form the foundation for engineering-economy studies. Some of these terms and concepts are described below. An alternative is a stand-alone solution for a give situation. We are faced with alternatives in virtually everything we do, from selecting the method of transportation we use to get to work every day to deciding between buying a house or renting one. Similarly, in engineering practice, there are always seveffl ways of accomplishing a given task, and it is necessary to be able to compare them in a rational manner so that the most economical alternative can be selected. The alternatives in engineering considerations usually involve such items as purchase cost (first cost), the anticipated life of the asset, the yearly costs of maintaining the asset (annual maintenance and operating cost), the anticipated resale value (salvage value), and the interest rate (rate of return). After the facts and all the relevant estimates have been collected, an engineering-economy analysis can be conducted to determine which is best from an economic point of view. However, it should be pointed out that the procedures developed in this book will enable you to make accurate economic decisions only about those alternatives which have been recognized as alternatives; these procedures will not help you identify what the alternatives are. That is, if alternatives ,4, B, C, D, and E have been identified as the only possible methods to solve a Particular problem when method F, which was never recognized as an alternative, is really the most attractive method, the wrong decision is certain to be made because alternative F could never be chosen, no matter what analytical techniques are used. Thus, the importance of alternative identification in the decision-making process cannot be overemphasized, because it is only when this aspect of the process has been thoroughly completed that the analysis techniques presented in this book can be of greatest value. In order to be able to compare different methods for accomplishing a given objective, it is necessary to have an evaluation criterion that can be used as a basis Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 5 for judging the alternatives. That is, the evaluation criterion is that which is used to answer the question â€Å"How will I know which one is best? Whether we are aware of it or not, this question is asked of us many times each day. For example, when we drive to work, we subconsciously think that we are taking the â€Å"best† route. But how did we define best? Was the best route the safest, shortest, fastest, cheapest, most scenic, or what? Obviously, depending upon which criterion is used to identify the best, a dif ferent route might be selected each time! (Many arguments could have been avoided if the decision makers had simply stated the criteria they were using in determining the best). In economic analysis, dollars are generally used as the basis for comparison. Thus, when there are several ways of accomplishing a given objective, the method that has the lowest overall cost is usually selected. However, in most cases the alternatives involve intangible factors, such as the effect of a process change on employee morale, which cannot readily be expressed in terms of dollars. When the alternatives available have approximately the same equivalent cost, the nonquantifiable, or intangible, factors may be used as the basis for selecting the best alternative, For items of an alternative which can be quantified in terms of dollars, it is important to recognize the concept of the time value of money. It is often said that money makes money. The statement is indeed true, for if we elect to invest money today (for example, in a bank or savings and loan association), by tomorrow we will have accumulated more money than we had originally invested. This change in the amount of money over a given time period is called the time value of money; it is the most important concept in engineering economy. You should also realize that if a person or company finds it necessary to borrow money today, by tomorrow more money than the original loan will be owed. This fact is also explained by the time value of money. The manifestation of the time value of money is termed interest, which is a measure of the increase between the original sum borrowed or invested and the final amount owed or accrued. Thus, if you invested money at some time in the past, the interest would be Interest = total amount accumulated – original investment (1. 1) On the other hand, if you borrowed would be Interest money at some time in the past, the interest (1. 2) = present amount owed – original loan In either case, there is an increase in the amount of money that was originally invested or borrowed, and the increase over the original amount is the interest. The original investment or loan is referred to as principal. Probs. 1. 1 to 1. 4 1. 2 Interest Calculations When interest is expressed as a percentage of the original amount per unit time, the result is an interest rate. This rate is calculated as follows: . Percent interest rate = interest accrued per unit time 00% .. I x 1 0 origma amount (1. 3) 6 Level One By far the most common time period used for expressing interest rates is 1 year. However, since interest rates are often expressed over periods of time shorter than 1 year (i. e. 1% per month), the time unit used in expressing an interest rate must also be identified and is termed an interest period. The following two examples illustrate the computation of interest rate. Example 1. 1 The Get-Rich-Quick (GRQ) Company invested $100,000 on May 1 and withdrew a total of $106,000 exactly one year later. Compute (a) the interest gained from the original investment and (b) the interest rate from the investment. Solution (a) Using Eq. ( 1. 1), Interest = 106,000 – 100,000 = $6000 (b) Equation (1. 3) is used to obtain Percent interest rate = 6000 per year 100,000 x 100% = 6% per year Comment For borrowed money, computations are similar to those shown above except that interest is computed by Eq. (1. 2). For example, if GRQ borrowed $100,000 now and repaid $110,000 in 1 year, using Eq. (1. 2) we find that interest is $10,000, and the interest rate from Eq. (1. 3) is 10% per year. Example 1. 2 Joe Bilder plans to borrow $20,000 for 1 year at 15% interest. Compute (a) the interest and (b) the total amount due after 1 year. Solution (a) Equation (1. 3) may be solved for the interest accrued to obtain Interest = 20,000(0. 15) = $3000 (b) Total amount due is the sum of principal and interest or Total due Comment = 0,000 + 3000 = $23,000 Note that in part (b) above, the total amount due may also be computed as Total due = principal(l + interest rate) = 20,000(1. 15) = $23,000 In each example the interest period was 1 year and the interest was calculated at the end of one period. When more than one yearly interest period is involved (for example, if we had wanted to know the amount of interest Joe Bilder would owe on Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 7 the above loan after 3 years), it becomes necessary to determine whether the interest . payable on a simple or compound basis. The concepts of simple and compound interest are discussed in Sec. . 4. Additional Examples 1. 12 and 1. 13 Probs. 1. 5 to 1. 7 1. 3 Equivalence The time value of money and interest rate utilized together generate the concept of equivalence, which means that different sums of money at different times can be equal in economic value. For example, if the interest rate is 12% per year, $100 today (i. e. , at present) would be equivalent to $112 one year from today, since mount accrued = 100 =$112 Thus, if someone offered you a gift of $100 today or $112 one year from today, it would make no difference which offer you accepted, since in either case you would have $112 one year from today. The two sums of money are therefore equivalent to each other when the interest rate is 12% per year. At either a higher or a lower interest rate, however, $100 today is not equivalent to $112 one year from today. In addition to considering future equivalence, one can apply the same concepts for determining equivalence in previous years. Thus, $100 now would be equivalent to 100/1. 12 = $89. 29 one year ago if the interest rate is 12% per year. From these examples, it should be clear that $89. 29 last year, $100 now, and 112 one year from now are equivalent when the interest rate is 12% per year. The fact that these sums are equivalent can be established by computing the interest rate as follows: 112 100 = 1. 12, or 12% per year and 8~~~9 = 1. 12, or 12% per year The concept of equivalence can be further illustrated by considering different loan-repayment schemes. Each scheme represents repayment of a $5000 loan in 5 years at 15%-per-year interest. Table 1. 1 presents the details for the four repayment methods described below. (The methods for determining the amount of the payments are presented in Chaps. 2 and 3. ) †¢ Plan 1 a interest or principal is recovered until the fifth year. Interest accumulates each year on the total of principal and all accumulated interest. †¢ Plan 2 The accrued interest is paid each year and the principal is recovered at the end of 5 years. †¢ Plan 3 The accrued interest and 20% of the principal, that is, $1000, is paid each year. Since the remaining loan balance decreases each year, the accrued interest decreases each year. + 100(0. 12) = 100(1 + 0. 12) = 100(1. 12) 8 Level One Table 1. 1 Different repayment schedules of $5,000 at 15% for 5 years (1) End of year (2) = 0. 15(5) Interest for year (3) = (2) + (5) Total owed at end of year (4) Payment per plan (3) – (4) Balance after payment (5) Plan 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Plan 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 Plan 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 Plan 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 $ 750. 00 862. 50 991. 88 1,140. 66 1,311. 76 5,750. 00 6,612. 50 7,604. 38 8,745. 04 10,056. 80 0 0 0 0 10,056. 80 $10,056. 80 $ $5,000. 00 5,750. 00 6,612. 50 7,604. 38 8,745. 04 0 $750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 $5,750. 00 5,750. 00 5,750. 00 5,750. 00 5,750. 00 $ 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 5,750. 00 $8,750. 00 $5,000. 00 5,000. 00 5,000. 00 5,000. 00 5,000. 00 0 $750. 00 600. 00 450. 00 300. 00 150. 00 $5,750. 00 4,600. 00 3,450. 00 2,300. 00 1,150. 00 $1,750. 00 1,600. 00 1,450. 0 1,300. 00 1,150. 00 $7,250. 00 5,000. 00 4,000. 00 3,000. 00 2,000. 00 1,000. 00 0 $750. 00 638. 76 510. 84 363. 73 194. 57 $5,750. 00 4,897. 18 3,916. 44 2,788. 59 1,491. 58 $1,491. 58 1,491. 58 1,491. 58 1,491. 58 1,491. 58 $7,457. 90 $5,000. 00 4,258. 42 3,405. 60 2,424. 86 1,297. 01 0 †¢ Plan 4 Equal payments are made each year with a portion going toward princi- pal recovery and the remainder covering the accrued interest. Since the loan balance decreases at a rate which is slower than in plan 3 because of the equal end-of-year payments, the interest decreases, but at a rate slower than in plan 3. te that the total amount repaid in each case would be different, even though each repayment scheme would require exactly 5 years to repay the loan. The difference in the total amounts repaid can of course be explained by the time value of money, since the amount of the payments is different for each plan. With respect to equivalence, the table shows that when the interest rate is 15% per year, $5000 at time 0 is equivalent to $10,056. 80 at the end of year 5 (plan 1), or $750 per year for 4 years and $5750 at the end of year 5 (plan 2), or the decreasing amounts shown in years 1 through 5 (plan 3), or $1,491. 8 per year for 5 years (plan 4). Using the formulas developed in Chaps. 2 and 3, we could easily show that if the payments in Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 9 each plan (column 4) were reinvested at 15% per year when received, the total amount of money available at the end of year 5 would be $10,056. 80 from each repayment plan. Additional Examples 1. 14 and 1. 15 Probs. 1. 8 and 1. 9 1. 4 Simple and Compound Interest The concepts of interest and interest rate were introduced in Sees. 1. 1 and 1. 2 and ed in Sec. 1. 3 to calculate for one interest period past and future sums of money equivalent to a present sum (principal). When more than one interest period is involved, the terms simple and compound interest must be considered. Simple interest is calculated using the principal only, ignoring any interest that was accrued in preceding interest periods. The total interest can be computed using the relation Interest = (principal)(number of periods)(interest rate) = Pni (1. 4) Example 1. 3 If you borrow $1000 for 3 years at 14%-per-year simple interest, how much money will you owe at the end of 3 years? Solution The interest for each of the 3 years is = Interest per year 1000(0. 14) = $140 Total interest for 3 years from Eq. (1. 4) is Total interest = 1000(3)(0. 4)= $420 Finally, the amount due after 3 years is 1000 + 420 Comment = $1420 The $140 interest accrued in the first year and the $140 accrued in the second year did not earn interest. The interest due was calculated on the principal only. The results of this loan are tabulated in Table 1. 2. The end-of-year figure of zero represents th~ present, th at is, when the money is borrowed. Note that no payment is made by the borrower until the end of year 3. Thus, the amount owed each year increases uniformly by $140, since interest is figured only on the principal of $1000. Table 1. 2 Simple-interest (1) (2) computation (3) (4) (2) + (3) Amount owed (5) End of year 0 1 2 Amount borrowed $1,000 Interest Amount paid 3 $140 140 140 $1,140 1,280 1,420 $ 0 0 1,420 10 Level One In calculations of compound interest, the interest for an interest period is calculated on the principal plus the total amount of interest accumulated in previous periods. Thus, compound interest means â€Å"interest on top of interest† (i. e. , it reflects the effect of the time value of money on the interest too). Example 1. 4 If you borrow $1000 at 14%-per-year compound interest, instead of simple interest as in the preceding example, compute the total amount due after a 3-year period. Solution The interest and total amount due for each year is computed as follows: Interest, year 1 = 1000(0. 14) = $140 Total amount due after year 1 = 1000 + 140 = $1140 Interest, year 2 = 1140(0. 14) = $159. 60 Total amount due after year 2 = 1140 + 159. 60 = $1299. 60 Interest, year 3 = 1299. 60(0. 14)= $181. 94 Total amount due after year 3 = 1299. 60 + 181. 94 = $1481. 54 Comment The details are shown in Table 1. 3. The repayment scheme is the same as that for the simple-interest example; that is, no amount is repaid until the principal plus all interest is due at the end of year 3. The time value of money is especially recognized in compound interest. Thus, with compound interest, the original $1000 would accumulate an extra $1481. 54 – $1420 = $61. 54 compared with simple interest in the 3-year period. If $61. 54 does not seem like a significant difference, remember that the beginning amount here was only $1000. Make these same calculations for an initial amount of $10 million, and then look at the size of the difference! The power of compounding can further be illustrated through another interesting exercise called â€Å"Pay Now, Play Later†. It can be shown (by using the equations that will be developed in Chap. ) that at an interest rate of 12% per year, approximately $1,000,000 will be accumulated at the end of a 40-year time period by either of the Table 1. 3 Compound-interest (1) (2) computation (3) (4) = (2) + (3) (5) End of year 0 1 2 3 Amount borrowed $1,000 Interest Amount owed $1,140. 00 1,299. 60 1,481. 54 Amount paid $140. 00 159. 60 181. 94 $ 0 0 1,481. 54 Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 11 – llowing investment schemes: †¢ Plan 1 Invest $2610 each year for the first 6 years and then nothing for the next 34 years, or †¢ Plan 2 Invest nothing for the first 6 years, and then $2600 each year for the next 34 years!! ‘ote that the total investment in plan 1 is $15,660 while the total required in plan _ to accumulate the same amount of money is nearly six times greater at $88,400. Both the power of compounding and the wisdom of planning for your retirement at he earliest possible time should be quite evident from this example. An interesting observation pertaining to compound-interest calculations in-olves the estimation of the length of time required for a single initial investment to double in value. The so-called rule of 72 can be used to estimate this time. The rule i based on the fact that the time required for an initial lump-sum investment to double in value when interest is compounded is approximately equal to 72 divided by the interest rate that applies. For example, at an interest rate of 5% per year, it would take approximately 14. 4 years (i. e. , 72/5 = 14. 4) for an initial sum of money to double in value. (The actual time required is 14. 3 years, as will be shown in Chap. 2. ) In Table 1. 4, the times estimated from the rule of 72 are compared to the actual times required for doubling at various interest rates and, as you can see, very good estimates are obtained. Conversely, the interest rate that would be required in order for money to double in a specified period of time could be estimated by dividing 72 by the specified time period. Thus, in order for money to double in a time period of 12 years, an interest rate of approximately 6% per year would be required (i. e. , 72/12 = 6). It should be obvious that for simple-interest situations, the â€Å"rule of 100† would apply, except that the answers obtained will always be exact. In Chap. 2, formulas are developed which simplify compound-interest calculations. The same concepts are involved when the interest period is less than a year. A discussion of this case is deferred until Chap. 3, however. Since real-world calculations almost always involve compound interest, the interest rates specified herein refer to compound interest rates unless specified otherwise. Additional Example 1. 16 Probs. 1. 10 to 1. 26 Table 1. 4 Doubling time estimated actual time from rule of 72 versus Doubling lime, no. of periods Interest rate, % per period 1 Estimated from rule 72 Actual 70 35. 3 14. 3 7. 5 2 5 10 20 40 36 14. 4 7. 2 3. 6 1. 8 3. 9 2. 0 12 Level One 1. 5 Symbols and Their Meaning The mathematical symbols: relations sed in engmeenng economy employ the following P = value or sum of money at a time denoted as the present; dollars, pesos, etc. F A n i = value or sum of money at some future time; dollars, pesos, etc. = a series of consecutive, equal, end-of-period month, dollars per year, etc. amounts of money; dollars per = number of interest periods; months, years, etc. = interest rate per interest period; percent per month, percent per year, etc. The symbols P and F represent single-time occurrence values: A occurs at each interest period for a specified number of periods with the same value. It should be understood that a present sum P represents a single sum of money at some time prior to a future sum or uniform series amount and therefore does not necessarily have to be located at time t = O. Example 1. 11 shows a P value at a time other than t = O. The units of the symbols aid in clarifying their meaning. The present sum P and future sum F are expressed in dollars; A is referred to in dollars per interest period. It is important to note here that in order for a series to be represented by the symbol A, it must be uniform (i. e. the dollar value must be the same for each period) and the uniform dollar amounts must extend through consecutive interest periods. Both conditions must exist before the dollar value can be represented by A. Since n is commonly expressed in years or months, A is usually expressed in units of dollars per year or dollars per month, respectively. The compound-interest rate i is expressed in percent per interest period, for example, 5% per year. Ex cept where noted otherwise, this rate applies throughout the entire n years or n interest periods. The i value is often the minimum attractive rate of return (MARR). All engineering-economy problems must involve at least four of the symbols listed above, with at least three of the values known. The following four examples illustrate the use of the symbols. Example 1. 5. If you borrow $2000 now and must repay the loan plus interest at a rate of 12% per year in 5 years, what is the total amount you must pay? List the values of P, F, n, and i. Solution In this situation P and F, but not A, are involved, since all transactions are single payments. The values are as follows: P = $2000 Example 1. 6 i = 12% per year n = 5 years If you borrow $2000 now at 17% per year for 5 years and must repay the loan in equal yearly payments, what will you be required to pay? Determine the value of the symbols involved. Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 13 ~- ution = S2000 = ? per year for 5 years = 17% per year = 5 years – ere is no F value involved. – 1 In both examples, the P value of $2000 is a receipt and F or A is a disbursement. equally correct to use these symbols in reverse roles, as in the examples below. Example 1. 7 T you deposit $500 into an account on May 1, 1988, which pays interest at 17% per year, hat annual amount can you withdraw for the following 10 years? List the symbol values. Solution p = $500 A =? per year i = 17% per year n= 10 years Comment The value for the $500 disbursement P and receipt A are given the same symbol names as before, but they are considered in a different context. Thus, a P value may be a receipt (Examples 1. 5 and 1. 6) or a disbursement (this example). Example 1. 8 If you deposit $100 into an account each year for 7 years at an interest rate of 16% per year, what single amount will you be able to withdraw after 7 years? Define the symbols and their roles. Solution In this example, the equal annual deposits are in a series A and the withdrawal is a future sum, or F value. There is no P value here. A = $100 per year for 7 years F =? i = 16% per year n = 7 years Additional Example 1. 17 Probs. 1. 27 to 1. 29 14 Level One 1. 6 Cash-Flow Diagrams Every person or company has cash receipts (income) and cash disbursements (costs) which occur over a particular time span. These receipts and disbursements in a given time interval are referred to as cash flow, with positive cash flows usually representing receipts and negative cash flows representing disbursements. At any point in time, the net cash flow would be represented as Net cash flow = receipts – disbursements (1. 5) Since cash flow normally takes place at frequent and varying time intervals within an interest period, a simplifying assumption is made that all cash flow occurs at the end of the interest period. This is known as the end-of-period convention. Thus, when several receipts and disbursements occur within a given interest period, the net cash flow is assumed to occur at the end of the interest period. However, it should be understood that although the dollar amounts of F or A are always considered to occur at the end of the interest period, this does not mean that the end of the period is December 31. In the situation of Example 1. 7, since investment took place on May 1, 1988, the withdrawals will take place on May 1, 1989 and each succeeding May 1 for 10 years (the last withdrawal will be on May 1, 1998, not 1999). Thus, end of the period means one time period from the date of the transaction (whether it be receipt or disbursement). In the next chapter you will learn how to determine the equivalent relations between P, F, and A values at different times. A cash-flow diagram is simply a graphical representation of cash flows drawn on a time scale. The diagram should represent the statement of the problem and should include what is given and what is to be found. That is, after the cash-flow diagram has been drawn, an outside observer should be able to work the problem by looking at only the diagram. Time is considered to be the present and time 1 is the end of time period 1. (We will assume that the periods are in years until Chap. . ) The time scale of Fig. 1. 1 is set up for 5 years. Since it is assumed that cash flows occur only at the end of the year, we will be concerned only with the times marked 0, 1, 2, †¦ , 5. The direction of the arrows on the cash-flow diagram is important to problem solution. Therefore, in this text, a vertical arrow pointing up will indicate a positive cash flow. Conversely, an a rrow pointing down will indicate a negative cash flow. The cash-flow diagram in Fig. 1. 2 illustrates a receipt (income) at the end of year 1 and a disbursement at the end of year 2. It is important that you thoroughly understand the meaning and construction of the cash-flow diagram, since it is a valuable tool in problem solution. The three examples below illustrate the construction of cash-flow diagrams.  ° Figure 1. 1 A typical cash-flow time scale. Year 1 Year 5 r=;:;; r+;:;. I 1 2 Time o I I 3 4 I 5 Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 15 + Figure 1. 2 Example of positive and negative cash flows. 2 3 Time Example 1. 9 Consider the situation presented in Example 1. 5, where P = $2000 is borrowed and F is to be found after 5 years. Construct the cash-flow diagram for this case, assuming an interest rate of 12% per year. Solution Figure 1. 3 presents the cash-flow diagram. Comment While it is not necessary to use an exact scale on the cash-flow axes, you will probably avoid errors later on if you make a neat diagram. Note also that the present sum P is a receipt at year 0 and the future sum F is a disbursement at the end of year 5. Example 1. 10 If you start now and make five deposits of $1000 per year (A) in a 17%-per-year account, how much money will be accumulated (and can be withdrawn) immediately after you have made the last deposit? Construct the cash-flow diagram. Solution The cash flows are shown in Fig. 1. 4. Since you have decided to start now, the first deposit is at year 0 and the [lith Comment deposit and withdrawal occur at the end of year 4. Note that in this example, the amount accumulated after the fifth deposit is to be computed; thus, the future amount is represented by a question mark (i. e. , F = ? ) Figure 1. 3. Cash-flow diagram for Example 1. 9. + P = $2. 000 i = 12% o 2 3 4 5 Year F= ? 16 Figure 1. 4 Cashflow diagram for Example 1. 10. Level One F= ? i = 17†³10 2 0 3 4 Year A=$1. 000 Example 1. 11 Assume that you want to deposit an amount P into an account 2 years from now in order to be able to withdraw $400 per year for 5 years starting 3 years from now. Assume that the interest rate is 151% per year. Construct the cash-flow diagram. Figure 1. 5 presents the cash flows, where P is to be found. Note that the diagram shows what was given and what is to be found and that a P value is not necessarily located at time t = O. Solution Additional Examples 1. 18 to 1. 20 Probs. 1. 30 to 1. 46 Additional Examples Example 1. 12 Calculate the interest and total amount accrued after 1 year if $2000 is invested at an interest rate of 15% per year. Solution Interest earned = 2000(0. 15) = $300 Total amount accrued = 2000 + 2000(0. 15) = 2000(1 + 0. 15) = $2300 Figure 1. 5 Cashflow diagram for Example 1. 11. A = $400 o 2 3 4 5 6 7 Year p=? Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 17 Example 1. 13 a) Calculate the amount of money that must have been deposited 1 year ago for you to have $lOQO now at an interest rate of 5% per year. b) Calculate the interest that was earned in the same time period. Solution a) Total amount accrued = original deposit + (original deposit)(interest rate). If X = original deposit, then 1000 = X + X(0. 5) = X(l + 0. 05) 1000 = 1. 05X 1000 X=-=952. 38 1. 05 Original deposit = $952. 38 (b) By using Eq. (1. 1), we have Interest = 1000 – 952. 38 = $47. 62 Example 1. 14 Calculate the amount of money that must have been deposited 1 year ago for the investment to earn $100 in interest in 1 year, if the interest rate is 6% Per year. Solution Let a = a = = total amount accrued and b = original deposit. Interest Since a Interest Interest b b + b (interest rate), interest can be expressed as + b (interest rate) b =b = b (interest rate) $100 = b(0. 06) b = 100 = $1666. 67 0. 06 Example 1. 5 Make the calculations necessary to show which of the statements below are true and which are false, if the interest rate is 5% per year: (a) $98 now is equivalent to $105. 60 one year from now. (b) $200 one year past is equivalent to $205 now. (c) $3000 now is equivalent to $3150 one year from now. (d) $3000 now is equivalent to $2887. 14 one year ago. (e) Interest accumulated in 1 year on an investment of $2000 is $100. Solution (a) Total amount accrued = 98(1. 05) = $102. 90 =P $105. 60; therefore false. Another way to solve this is as follows: Required investment = 105. 60/1. 05 = $100. 57 =P $9? Therefore false. b) Required investment = 205. 00/1. 05 = $195. 24 =p $200; therefore false. 18 Level One (e) Total amount accrued = 3000(1. 05) = $3150; therefore true. (d) Total amount accrued = 2887. 14(1. 05) = $3031. 50 â€Å"# $3000; therefore false. (e) Interest = 2000(0. 05) = $100; therefore true. Example 1. 16 Calculate the total amount due after 2 years if $2500 is borrowed now and the compoundinterest rate is 8% per year. Solution The results are presented in the table to obtain a total amount due of $2916. (1) (2) (3) (4) = (2) + (3) (5) End of year Amount borrowed $2,500 Interest Amount owed Amount paid o 1 2 Example 1. 17 $200 216 2,700 2,916 $0 2,916 Assume that 6% per year, starting next withdrawing Solution P = you plan to make a lump-sum deposit of $5000 now into an account that pays and you plan to withdraw an equal end-of-year amount of $1000 for 5 years year. At the end of the sixth year, you plan to close your account by the remaining money. Define the engineering-economy symbols involved. $5000 A = $1000 per year for 5 years F = ? at end of year 6 i = 6% per year n = 5 years for A Figure 1. 6 Cashflow diagram for Example 1. 18. $650 $625 $600 $575 $ 550 $525 $500 $625 t -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 t o Year P = $2,500 Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 19 Example 1. 1B The Hot-Air Company invested $2500 in a new air compressor 7 years ago. Annual income â€Å"-om the compressor was $750. During the first year, $100 was spent on maintenance, _ cost that increased each year by $25. The company plans to sell the compressor for salvage at the end of next year for $150. Construct the cash-flow diagram for the piece f equipment. The income and cost for years – 7 through 1 (next year) are tabulated low with net cash flow computed using Eq. (1. 5). The cash flows are diagrammed . Fig. 1. 6. Solution End of year Net cash flow Income Cost -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 Example 0 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 + 150 $2,500 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 $-2,500 650 625 600 575 550 525 500 625 1. 19 Suppose that you want to make a deposit into your account now such that you can withdraw an equal annual amount of Ai = $200 per year for the first 5 years starting 1 year after your deposit and a different annual amount of A2 = $300 p er year for the following 3 years. How would the cash-flow diagram appear if i is 14! % per year? Solution The cash flows would appear as shown in Fig. 1. 7. Comment The first withdrawal (positive cash flow) occurs at the end of year 1, exactly one year after P is deposited. Figure 1. 7 Cash-flow diagram for two different A values, Example 1. 19. A2 = $300 A, = $200 0 1 2 3 4 i = 14+% 5 6 7 8 Year p=? 20 Level One p=? j = 12% per year Figure 1. 8 Cash-flow diagram for Example 1. 20. F2 1996 1995 A = $50 A = $150 = $50 F, = $900 Example 1. 20 If you buy a new television set in 1996 for $900,. maintain it for 3 years at a cost of $50 per year, and then sell it for $200, diagram your cash flows and label each arrow as P, F, or A with its respective dollar value so that you can find the single amount in 1995 that would be equivalent to all of the cash flows shown. Assume an interest rate of 12% per year. Solution Comment Figure 1. 8 presents the cash-flow diagram. The two $50 negative cash flows form a series of two equal end-of-year values. As long as the dollar values are equal and in two or more consecutive periods, they can be represented by A, regardless of where they begin or end. However, the $150 positive cash flow in 1999 is a single-occurrence value in the future and is therefore labeled an F value. It is possible, however, to view all of the individual cash flows as F values. The diagram could be drawn as shown in Fig. . 9. In general, however, if two or more equal end-of-period amounts occur consecutively, by the definition in Sec. 105 they should be labeled A values because, as is described in Chap. 2, the use of A values when possible simplifies calculations considerably. Thus, the interpretation pictured by the diagram of Fig. 1. 9 is discouraged and will not generally be used further in this text. p=? j = 12% per year F. = $150 1. 9 A cash flow for Example 1. 20 considering all values as future sums. Figure 1996 1995 1997 1998 1999 F2 = $50 F3 = $50 F, = $900

Hotel Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Hotel Management - Coursework Example The hotel's plush and warm interiors decorated with traditional works of art, hand picked local artifacts and tasteful furnishings; all coupled with the excellent service from staff who cares. The hotel is a combination of luxury and comfort with ultra modern facilities. Hotel City Park offers elegantly appointed rooms & suites that have been equipped with all types of modern facilities as upto the International standards of hotels. Room offers a spectacular view of lush green gardens. Rooms are perfectly designed with vibrant colors and furniture. Here guest can enjoy a comfortable stay. These rooms are considered to be lavishly appointed and are of comparatively larger size. Beauty Parlour, Travel Desk, Barber shop, Courier Service, Front Desk, Free Newspaper, Parking, Bar, Banquet, Restaurant, Safe Deposit Box, Conference Facilities, Business Centre, Swimming Pool, Health Club. Doctor on Call, Laundry, Valet, Travel Desk Service, Dry Cleaning, Post, Baby Sitting, Currency Exchange, Hair Dryer, Newsstand, Safety Deposit Box, Secretarial Services, Wake up service, Car Rental, Concierge, Chemist, Conference Halls. For example: In some countries every individual requires work permit for working in any organization or sector. This work permit is like a license which tells that the person is free to work in that country. This license includes date of issue, date of expiry, issued head office, issuing officer's name etc. The license signifies that the information provided by the individual is true and correct and his past records don't show any criminal background. Licensing framework of our Hotel City Park: Our hotel is doing well due to its well explained terms and policies which are followed by every individual who is dealing with the hotel. Our hotel holds proper Trade License issued by the Corporation/Municipality for running it along with an Excise License where alcoholic beverages are served. Our licensing framework is not so rigid and not so flexible. Off course there are certain specifications which can't be changed like environment and ambience of our hotel. Simultaneously we are flexible in dealing with the customers as they are the need and urge of our hotel. The Liquor and Gambling Commissioner is responsible for administering the Liquor Licensing Act. The purpose of this Act is to regulate and control the sale, supply and consumption of liquor for the benefit of related industries and the SA public. Particular emphasis is placed on encouraging responsible attitudes towards the promotion and advertising of liquor and

Internal Monitoring for a Stronger Police Force Research Paper

Internal Monitoring for a Stronger Police Force - Research Paper Example A metaphor is something that is used to signify an idea through example, and therefore this is an objective example of applying something that may be completely unrelated objectively, but still has meaning as it is seen to relate to a larger concept. In the case of the broken windows theory, this larger concept is the assumption that, basically, one thing leads to another. This is related in some ways to the previous objective portrayal of the domino metaphor, in which it only takes one domino falling to make many other dominos fall. Objectively, in terms of the broken window theory, â€Å"The germ of the idea is simple and compelling. A broken window--or a littered sidewalk, a graffito, or what you like--does no great harm to a neighborhood if promptly addressed. But left untended, it sends a signal: that no one cares about this neighborhood, that it is a safe place to break things, to litter, to vandalize. Those who engage in such behaviors will feel safe here. And once these mino r miscreants have become well established, perhaps it will seem a safe enough neighborhood in which to be openly drunk† (Siegel et al., 2006). The first part of this statement is very objective by nature. Zero tolerance programs are also features of traditional policing. Traditional policing involves theory and other issues. It is also anticipated that results will be mixed in terms of officers’ perceptions of ethics training as an effective option to cut down on misconduct. â€Å"Usually, the content of ethics training consists of adopting one philosophical framework and discussing hypothetical or researched ethical dilemmas within that framework. To be sure, examples of ethical dilemmas for criminal justice students and practitioners can be gathered from newspapers, books, and journal articles.  

Walt Disney and Organizational Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Walt Disney and Organizational Value - Essay Example The study also talks about how the value of organization is enhanced by close collaboration and communication between different organizations. If two organizations willingly share information with each other it would become increasingly important for the success of the organization because the organization is exposed to more learning opportunities in this case. Hence, an organizational value is not only created by its resources, but also by new knowledge and information that it can learn over time. This will also lead to organizational development. (Winklen) Another important aspect of organizational value creation is the organization’s willingness and ability to meet the needs of its stakeholders and customers. No business can thrive without having satisfied customers because they bring money to the organization. No organization would be able to operate efficiently if its customers are unhappy or does not transact with the company. Many customers often ask for too many things . Businesses, as a result, are forced to do conjoin analysis in order to decide trade-offs. They would be willing to sacrifice certain less important features of a product or service and replace them with important elements to create value for their stakeholders and customers. Many companies which fail to develop customer-driven approaches fail in their ability to satisfy and retain their customers over long run. They are forced out of the business by their competitors who focus on constantly creating and disseminating value for their customers. In the recent fast and competitive environment, there is no luxury for any business to become complacent, because if a laid-back strategy is chosen, the cut-throat competition in the industry will force the company out of the business. (Toomb and Bailey) A study done by Krista Jaakson highlights the organizational value dimensions as showed in the Figure 1 below. The model highlights three dimensional levels. The first level is about surviva l values, the second level is about ethical value dimension and the third stage is about well-being dimension. Any organization starts from the survival value in order to succeed in the first changing business environment. In the first stage, organization has to set its system rights. They need to develop proper financial report systems, set conservatives values, and control volatility in the economic environment. After all of this is achieved, the organization moves to the second level of value dimension. Here the organization is concerned about ethical values. In this level, there is greater advocacy for creating interpersonal value, ethical values and general humane behavior. The third level of value is achieved through developing proper vision values, emotional values and self actualization values. Achievement of this results in proper value creation for the organization’s stakeholders. The sum of all these value dimensions is greater than the amount of input used in valu e creation. It is where the synergy is created and the value created by the organization is greater than its costs and efforts involved in creating the value. (Jaakson) Figure 1: Organizational Value Dimensions Source: (Jaakson) Walt Disney is a large company. The majority shareholder of the company at one time was Steve Jobs with over 10% equity investment in the company. It is America’s large media conglomerate. The company’s financial statements are decorated with amazing financial figures. In 2011 alone, the company earned

Training development program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Training development program - Essay Example hat results from development through education and training usually are important in determining the long term profitability of a business or an organization which is this case is home depot. Training should not only be conducted on new employees but also on current employees to help adjust them to the rapidly changing job requirements. A selection of the final model or design of a new product that is to be introduced in the market is a very critical step in the new product development process. The selection needs to consider three factors of importance: anticipated market demand, designer’s preferences, and uncertainty in achieving predicted design attributes levels under different usage conditions. A good purchasing model is build upon the fundamental principals of decision theory, decision --based design: Integrating consumer preferences into the design. Home depot should emphasize on growing and developing employees because of the following reasons: training and development ensures that there is adequate pool of human resources for expansion into new programs; it improves employee morale and enhances the companys competitive position by building highly motivated, and more effective and efficient team; creates a more knowledgeable staff which are able to adopt and use advanced technology; and lastly create a large pool of readily available staffs to replace the personnel that may leave or move up the organization. The training and development process may be initiated as an intra-organization activity (on the job) based on a clear and concise schedule to effectively guide the staff under training with key areas of concern. It may also be carried out as a function referred to as out of the job training program. Training and developing employees has the following benefits to the home depot organization: decrease in need for supervision, reduction in employee turnover rate, and increase in efficiency leading to financial gains and lastly increased

Global Warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

Global Warming - Research Paper Example Furthermore, certain agricultural and waste management practices worsen the problem by releasing other global warming gases that are potent such as nitrous oxide and methane. Global warming has both positive and negative effects to human beings and ecosystem as a whole. According to BÃ ¶hringer et al, several studies, shows that the global temperature shows a warming trend. Consequently, based on scientific studies of ice cores, coral reefs and tree rings; a result about the global temperatures increasing is made. Furthermore, starting from the Industrial Revolution in the mid of 1700s, the global average temperatures has increased with emphasize in the past several decades. According to World Meteorological Organization, temperature of global land surface has been ranked warmest from records calculated since 1880. Furthermore, global average temperature has increased over the last century by more than 1Â °F (0.7Â °C). Consequently, the 2001-2010 decade is the warmest since 1880. Actually, nine of the warmest recorded years happened in just the last 10 years. Moreover, this warming has come with a decrease in very cold days and nights and an increase in real hot days and warm nights. For instance; United States, has since recorded daily highs tw ice as frequently recorded daily lows from 2000 to 2009. Consequently, the record shows that some areas of the world are warming at a high rate than others. Generally, the long-term global upward trend is clear. There are signs of global warming seen in the North Pole there include; Sea ice melting, the tundra warming up, glaciers in retreat, some species becoming endangered and disappearing significantly and the sea level rising. According to U.S Geology Survey (2007), it is estimated that changes in sea ice conditions will led to an extinction of nearly 50% of bear’s population in 2050. Naturally, land and

Supply chain inventory, people, technology and risk Assignment

Supply chain inventory, people, technology and risk - Assignment Example People involved if not well trained and equipped can be a major source of risks. In the recent years, companies have been introducing advanced technology that is relatively more reliable and accurate. Perhaps one of the main challenges facing most companies in their operations is obsolescence and fraud. Over the past years, cases of fraud have highly been reported in the UK. The government has established specialized bodies to fight fraud. Serious Fraud Office is one of the bodies together with National Fraud Authority are but examples of such bodies. The technology industry has greatly been affected in the UK with Obsolescence over the last decade. This is highly associated with the quick advance in technological advancement. In order to be prepared against these two obstacles, companies have to develop well planned strategies. In these strategies, three factors are inevitable; inventory, people and technology. This report analyses how O2, the second largest telecommunication company in UK. The report tries to put into perspective the challenges and strategies used by the company in its operations in an effort to have an effective supply of its products and also fight fraud. This has jointly been attained through training of its employees and use of cloud based inventory system. O2 is the second leading telecommunication company in the UK. The company offers a wide range of services and products from mobile phones, SIM cards, internet bundles, and also financial services like the O2 Money which allows people to send money, receive money, pay bills among other transactions. The diversification of its products and services has seen the company expand its market and customer base over the past years. The high number of customers comes with its challenges. Among the challenges is how to handle demand and supply. This is mainly depended on their management on the inventory. The supply chain has to be well

Activities Problem(s) c16 2,7,14,and 21, c17 7 and 25 Essay

Activities Problem(s) c16 2,7,14,and 21, c17 7 and 25 - Essay Example If you did quit, you expect you could find a new job paying $85,000 per year, but you would be unemployed for 3 months while you search for it. Marpor Industries has no debt and expects to generate free cash flows of $16 million each year. Marpor believes that if it permanently increases its level of debt to $40 million, the risk of financial distress may cause it to lose some customers and receive less favorable terms from its suppliers. As a result, Marpor’s expected free cash flows with debt will be only $15 million per year. Suppose Marpor’s tax rate is 35%, the risk-free rate is 5%, the expected return of the market is 15%, and the beta of Marpor’s free cash flows is 1.10 (with or without leverage). You own your own firm, and you want to raise $30 million to fund an expansion. Currently, you own 100% of the firm’s equity, and the firm has no debt. To raise the $30 million solely through equity, you will need to sell two-thirds of the firm. However, you would prefer to maintain at least a 50% equity stake in the firm to retain control. Natsam Corporation has $250 million of excess cash. The firm has no debt and 500 million shares outstanding with a current market price of $15 per share. Natsam’s board has decided to pay out this cash as a one-time dividend. d. Suppose Raviv retained the cash so that it would not need to raise new funds from outside investors for an expansion it has planned for next year. If it did raise new funds, it would have to pay issuance fees. How much does Raviv need to save in issuance fees to make retaining the cash beneficial for its investors? (Assume fees can be expensed for corporate tax

Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Public Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Going Public - Essay Example Advantages for an organization for going public Although going public is an expensive process but there are several advantages. Some of the most important advantages for going public are as follows: More capital can be raised by a company if it starts floating its share in the market. By floating shares in the market, company can have a better growth rate. People know and recognize more about companies whose shares are in the market rather than firms that are privately owned. Going public is a way to brand and market the company as well. It also builds the brand image of the company and the company becomes more reliable and trustworthy (Glueck , 1980). Because of being a better and more renowned company, a public company is able to attract and retain better human resource which helps in improving productivity level of the company. While acquisitions, shares of the company can be used instead of cash. Debt to equity ratio of the company improves because of going public as the capital raised is included in the equity section rather than liabilities. Debt to equity ratio is one of the ways lenders analyze and assess the risk of the company and it explains the amount of debt the company has in comparison to its liabilities. Organizations can motivate employees by offering them stock options which are considered more valuable than other rewards like cash and bonuses. Disadvantages for an organization for going public Besides the advantages of going public, there are several disadvantages because of which many organizations do not go public and float their shares in the market. The most important disadvantages which restrict an organization from going to public are as follows: Going public is an expensive process and if an organization has other ways or options to raise money then it should go with the alternatives rather than floating shares in the market. There are several fees and costs associated with going public like accounting fees, expense allowance of underw riter, filing fees, cost of travelling, cost of printing and legal fees and all these costs are to be included while analyzing whether the firm would go public or not (Hoch, Kim, Montgomery, and Rossi, 1995). In addition to this, if the management of the company is not aware about the process of going public then it should not indulge in such activities because it is a difficult process and they should go public only when the management is not aware about the whole process and complications involved in it. Information about the company increases and more people know about the organization in comparison to the time when the organization was operating as a privately held company. Customers, suppliers, shareholders, investors, analysts, and other stakeholders of the company tend to focus a lot on the organization and strategies which it has adopted. As the company goes public, it has to follow the requirements of SEC and financial reporting of the company has to be in accordance with t he rules and guidelines provided by SEC (Kaplan, and Atkinson, 1998). Top management or entrepreneurs could feel like as if they have lost the control of the organization and thus it can have an impact on their decision making and productivity. Remuneration and compensation packages paid to the top management of the organization are known to others because public information and everyone would be aware about the salaries of people at the top managerial level. Because of going public, risk of shareholder litigation increases. Many shareholders are

Dove Evolution of brand Essay Example for Free

Dove Evolution of brand Essay In 2007, Unilever’s Dove was the world ‘s number-one â€Å"cleansing â€Å" brand in the health and beauty sector. Dove Competed in all categories like cleansing bars, body washes, hand washes, face care, hair care, deodorants, anti-perspirants, and body lotion.Their competitor are PG (Procter and Gamble’s) ivory, KAO’s Jergens, Beiersdorf’s Nivea. The first Dove Product â€Å"Beauty Bar† was launched in 1957 with campaignâ€Å" Dove Soap doesn’t dry your skin because it’s one-quarter cleansing cream†. Dove positioning their product to functionality superiority product. It’s can no longer be accepted because functionality meant different things in different categories Dove was tapped to become master brand in 2000, Dove entries in all personal categories and Dove become masterbrand. To build masterbrand needed to do something different. Dove do a process of exploratory market research, consultation with experts, conversation with women, and message testing led to â€Å" The Campaign for Real Beauty†. Now Dove success become masterbrand under the title of The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. Dove success giving a single identity to the wide range health and beauty products. Dove also organizing for brand management to support this champaign. Read Also:  Ideas for an Exploratory Essay Question Analysis 1. What is brand in the definition of Dove ? Answer : Based on Merriam-Webster, Dove is a. a small wild bird that is related to pigeons b. a gentle woman or child c. a person who does not want war and does want peace Dove is a symbol for peace, love and honesty. Dove Brand definition is a soap that give you real beauty because its more gentle than another soap so it would not dry out your skin the way soap did. So people does not worries about dry skin if used it because it was not technically soap at all. It is milder than soap-based bars. 2. What does Dove’s market positioning in the 1950s? What is its positioning in 2007? Answer : In 1950’s The first Dove product, called a beauty bar was launched in 1957. It was positioned upon its function as a superior product that doesn’t dry out the skin the way soap did. It was marketed through a mix of marketing communication tools like the Television, print media and bill boards. The advertising message was â€Å"Dove soap doesn’t dry your skin because its one-quarter cleansing cream† which was illustrated with photographs that showed cream being poured into a tablet. The advertising aspired to project honesty and authenticity, preferring to have natural looking women testifying to Dove’s benefits rather than stylized fashion models. In 2007 Dove become a Masterbrand, its name is used for all beauty bar category in Unilever, such as deodorants, hair care products, facial cleansers, body lotions, and hair styling products. The old positioning of Dove is focus on functional superiority and it can no longer be accepted because functionality meant different things in different categories. After a process of exploratory market research, consultation with experts, conversation with women, the positioning of Dove is â€Å"The campaign for Real Beauty†. The campaign begin with using ordinary people in supermodel contexts and for books of nudes featuring plain-looking models. The result was the so-called Tick-Box campaign. In this campaign, billboards were erected and viewers were asked to phone 1-888-342-DOVE to vote on whether a woman on the billboard was â€Å"outsized† or â€Å"outstanding.† The next campaign  were known internally as the Firming campaign because they promoted a cream that firmed the skin. They featured six â€Å"real† women cheerfully posing in plain white underwear. The company wanted the ads to â€Å"change the way society views beauty† and â€Å"provoke discussion and debate about real beauty.† The next step in the campaign was particularly controversial. At a Dove leadership team offsite meeting, an effort was made to engage executives in the idea behind The â€Å"Campaign for Real Beauty† by filming their own daughters discussing their self-esteem challenges. Stage four of the Real Beauty campaign involved not an advertisement, but a film. The resulting digital film was known as â€Å"Evolution†. Given its unusual length, television was not an option, and in October 2006 the film was posted to YouTube and within three months, it had been viewed three million times. 3. How did Unilever organize to do product category management and brand management in unilever before 2000? What was the corresponding structure after 2000? How was brand meaning controlled before 2000 and how is it controlled at the time of the case? Answer : Before 2000, within a product category the firm often offered multiple brands, each led by a brand manager. In effect, each brand operated as a separate business, competing with its siblings as well as the products of other firms. A staff of brand assistants executed the policies of the brand manager. Each brand manager was charged with the responsibilities of a general manager in relation to the brand, including design of strategy, delivery of profit targets, and power over many of day-to-day marketing decisions such as advertising and target promotions that were needed to achieve profitability. In 2000, Unilever began to split responsibilty for a brand between two groups, one charged with development of the brand and the other charged with building the brands in specific markets. Brand Development was centralized and global in scope. Brand Building was decentralized according to the major geographic regions in which Unilever operated. Before 2000, brand meaning controlled by Brand Manager, but at the time of case brand meaning idea is created by Brand Development but bringing to life by Brand Building. 4. Spend a little time searching blogs, using Google search, and any social media, to get a sense of what people saying about Dove today. What does this discussion contribute to the meaning of the brand? Facebook Dove Indonesia have 23.027.326 Fans Followers Dove Indonesia : 19.4K Yes, people is feel the real beauty of themselves by using Dove. Dove makes the Real Beauty. Recommendation In the Future dove must be have line extension product such as cosmetic product, to enlarge their category product, but must have same positioning with their campaign â€Å" For Real Beauty† The position must be stand for a point of view Dove can enlarge their business to retail shop (cosmetic shop) to sell all dove product and communicated their brand. To organize Brand Management, Dove under Unilever must maintain split responsibility between Brand Manager and Brand Development.

Minor Characters With Major Influence Essay Example for Free

Minor Characters With Major Influence Essay Addie Bundren was a strong but mysterious woman. She had many children that loved her dearly that would do bizarre things for her. She was a minor character in William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying but she played a major role in that she affected the actions of the characters of the Bundren family. Jewel is Addie’s third child but not Anse’s child. Jewel is the product of an affair that Addie had with Whitfield, the town minister. Addie spoiled Jewel because he was a symbol of her happiness with Whitfield. Jewel constantly pushes his luck with Addie, getting into all the trouble he can possibly think of, but he loves his mother. Jewel just wants Addie to be able to die in peace and quiet without Cash sawing away at her coffin where she can see and Dewey constantly fanning the air away from Addie’s face (Faulkner 15). Jewel’s love for his mother is more openly expressed when he runs into the barn to save her coffin from the burning barn (Faulkner 222). Anse is so determined to carry out Addie’s final wish and bury her with her relatives in Jefferson. It takes the Bundren family nine days to deliver Addie’s dead body to her final resting place. During the journey Darl tries to destroy the coffin in a barn fire (Faulkner 219). Darl loves Addie just like Jewel and can not bear to see her memory desecrated by this long journey so he tries to burn the body. By this time Darl seems to have started to go insane. Really Darl is the only sane person on that whole trip. He tried to get rid of the putrid corpse and let his mother be remembered with her name still intact. Cash labors day and night over his mother’s coffin, cutting each board carefully and showing them to Addie basically saying ‘Look at the wonderful job I’m doing for you’. Cash even continues on the journey after he broke his leg while saving Addie’s coffin. Even after his leg begins to fester and swell, he never complains about it paining him. Cash’s selflessness is unwavering as he makes this journey for Addie and his family to lay Addie to rest. Cash even refused medical attention until there journey was complete because of his devotion to Addie and her wishes. All in all Addie Bundren is a very important in William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying even though she is rarely heard throughout the novel. She is a major influence on her family. She had the most influence on Darl, Jewel, and Cash, her older sons. Her influence causes her family to do bizarre and dangerous things for her to honor her memory. Works Cited Faulkner, William. As I Lay Dying. New York: Random House Inc., 1990. Print.

The Description Of Leadership Styles

The Description Of Leadership Styles Organizational achievements are directly affected by type of leadership which their leaders are applying. So its important to review the literature on leadership styles. Throughout leadership history, many researchers have tried to explain about all or some part of typicality collection which results a successful leadership. Some of the most often quoted historical authors include Plato, Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Locke from the West and Confucius and Xunxi from the East (J.R. Turner R. Muller, 2005). Barnard (1938) defined the leaders basic functions. Based on his suggestion, an executive leader should have managerial and emotional attitudes. Managerial attitudes relapsed to cognitive and emotional attitudes refer to cathectic skills. Cognitive skills contain guiding, perfusing aims and directing related tasks. Cathectic skills contain motivational functions for making goal-seeking thoughts and increasing commitment between team members or a sample group. Aristotle defines three spec ifications for a good leader: 1. Developing relationships between all followers 2. Advocating an ethic vision 3. Leading by logic to manage activities. Researches have dedicated different dividing for leadership styles. At first we review divisions based on current sects over the recent seventy years. Handy (1982), Partington (2003) and Dulewicz Higgs (2003) have defined six main sects for leadership theory: The trait approach The style approach The contingency approach The charismatic approach t The EI (emotional intelligence) approach The competency approach The Trait Sect approach was pervasive until 1940s. It assumes leadership ability as an inborn specification not an acquisitive one. Turner (1999) through his studies found seven traits for effective executive leaders (e.g., ability of solving problems, negotiation and result-based mind). Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) defined six topicalities as traits for an effective leader. The style approach was pervasive between 1940s-1960s. The basis of this sect is based on assuming leadership as an acquisitive concern. The most applicable theories in this frame place leaders on one or two dimensional metric by comparing them with one or two parameters. Its seeable in Adair (1983), Blake Mouton (1978) and Slevins (1989) works. The contingency sect was pervasive up to 1970s. Instead of last sects for finding fix attitudes for leadership, it suggests that being an effective leader depends on the pertinences of situations. Its typified in House (1971), Fiedler (1967) and Robbinss (1997) works. This sect tends to follow a process containing these steps: 1. Apprising the leaders characteristics 2. Evaluating mentioned situation based on main contingency variables 3. Seeking an accordant between the situation and the leader. House (1971) based path-goal theory as a contingency theory considering leader as a guider for helping the team in both finding goal and the process of finding. Path-goal theory defines four leadership types (Directive, Supportive, Participative and Achievement-oriented leaders). These should be matched with subordinate and environmental factors. Fiedlers (1967) different leadership types were based on defining three main variables for determining desirability between leadership style and situation. Such determination will affect the role of the leader. The charismatic approach was pervasive between 1980s- 1990s. it based on analyzing the behaviors of leaders which were successful in leading their organizations in changing situations. Based on Basss (1990) suggestion there are two leadership styles; transactional and transformational. Cognitive roles of Barnard are in accordance with the transactional leaders attitudes. Barnards cathectic roles are adaptable with The transformational leaders attitudes. Bass (1990) provided the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) for evaluating type of leaders (transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire). MLQ is the most applicable questionnaire of evaluating leaders. Dulewicz and Higgs (2004) have adjoined more scales for both Organizational Concept and Organizational Commitment. By adding these scales, the weaknesses of primary MLQ has rectified. The IE (Emotional Intelligence) approach has been pervasive since the late 1990s. Its based on considering the emotional intelligence of leaders as the most important factor in success of them. Goleman, Boyatzis, McKee (2002) has Developed four dimensions for intellectual capability of a leader. These four dimensions lead to create six different leadership styles (Visionary, Democratic, Coaching, Pacesetting, Affiliative and Commanding). They assume that first four styles accelerate the responsibility in the team working and improve the performance but tow remained styles can lead to decrease both the responsibility and the performance. But in some cases these two styles (regarding the situation) might be useful. They also have demonstrated the correlation between IE, leadership style and organizational performance. Since the late 1990s the advertency of studies has moved to identification of Effective leaders competencies. All the efforts about such identifications return to competency approach. It might be considered as the similarity between competency approach and trait approach. But its important to emphasize that competencies are not inborn so its possible to make an effective leader. Different combined competencies will result different types of leadership which is suitable for different situations; Producing transactional leaders in situations of low complexity and transformational leaders in situations of high complexity (J.R. Turner R. Muller, 2005). Competencies are derived from mental or technical or bases. Dulewicz and Higgs (2003) have shown a comprehensive overview for competency approach and its functions. For ending the literature about leadership styles, its necessary to review basic leadership styles. Demonstrating three basic leadership styles by Kurt Lewin (1939) and his research group was the first try in defining leadership styles. As an early study, they demonstrate the main compartment containing Autocratic, Democratic and Laissez-Faire styles. Dyers study in 1986 showed that there are five separate approaches to leadership- participative, autocratic, laissez-faire/ mission, expert and referent. Recent classification assumes more divisions. There are six basic styles of leadership (Goleman, 2000) which containing coercive, authoritative, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting and coaching styles. Considering recent research results, effective leaders have ability to use their emotional intelligence for matching the assorted leadership style with particular situation. These six main styles are using different aspects of emotional intelligence for different situations. The ability for switching between these types for current situation of organization will make an effective leadership. Coercive style as an approach is using for compulsive situation. Such approach must be used warily because in most of situations, it may have negative effects on motivation and flexibility of employees. Authoritative style is less rigid than Coercive style by giving just freedom to employees for selecting the way of achieving the goal which has determined decisively by the leader. Affiliative style is based on giving no advice to employees. Its suitable for increasing coordination and sodality between leader and employees but may create employees instability. Democratic style makes an open area for decision making. Such approach increases the responsibility and flexibility throughout the organization but may create dispersion and decentralization disadvantages. Pacesetting style shows some kind of leadership who tries to make both high level for employees performance and advantages for competent workers. Such approach usually makes inverse results based on leaders idealism tendency. Coaching style signify the leaders focus on personality of workers more than their tasks. It causes improving weaknesses but may have inverse effect on rigid employees. Executives use six leadership styles, but only four of the six consistently have a positive effect on climate and results (Goleman, 2000). Whatever the leader has more domination on coaching, democratic, authoritative and affiliative styles, organizational achievement will be increased. Focus on Autocratic Leadership Style and its Applications and its Failure and Success Cases 3 pages In autocratic leadership style, workers and followers are controlled by one person as a leader. Theres no collaborative decision making and no concrescence between leaders and staff. Workers lose their responsibility, initiative and accountability. Such approach has negative effects on compensating process. In most of cases, autocratic style can be used for resurrecting a failing business by determining new ways of survival with a top-down set of procedures. The autocratic style should be used only with extreme caution and in the few situations when it is absolutely imperative (Goleman, 2000). A long term use of such approach will cause reducing employees performance by damaging their morale. Observations of the effects of leadership style (i.e., autocratic vs. democratic) on the atmosphere of small groups process analyses of interactions in laboratory discussion tasks, and reports of industrial workers on the behavioral styles of their supervisors sought to identify patterns of leader behavior associated with high productivity or good morale (Chemers, 2000). Vroom and Yetton (1973) developed a decision-making model for integrating decision of leaders by applying occasional factors considering a wide range of decision-making for leaders varying from autocratic approaches to participative approaches. Such model defines that in case that the work is distinctive and employees are able enough, tending to autocratic approach gives better results. Overhand in unclear situation with no enough information participative approach will help making a better decision. In some situations when leader has not enough support, using participative strategy will help him assuring followers about the equality of decision makings weigh between them. Empirical research on the normative decision model is not extensive but is generally supportive of its basic premises (Field House, 1990). Both Normative decision theory and contingency model are focused on as the leadership as a core of decision making. It means that these approaches are considering leader as a person who gains the support of followers for implementing the best solution. Meanwhile these two methods are focusing on applying Autocratic style for situations with a clear short-term aim and supportive followers but p participative approach should be used for less clarified situation. Both Fiedlers (1967; Fiedler Chemers, 1974, 1984) contingency model and Vroom and Yettons (1973) normative decision model are built around the notion that internal group processes, such as decision-making processes, must match with external task demands to ensure high levels of group performance (Chemers, 2000). It seems autocratic approach can be used in predictable circumstances and in more unclear and less predictable situation there is more need to use participative approaches. Identifying environmental factors like attitudes of followers can help a leader for choosing the best style of leadership matched with current situation. Dyers (1986) study shows that adopting participative, expert, or referent leadership styles by managers will result in higher employee satisfaction and better business performance. In contrast, applying autocratic or laissez-faire/ mission leadership style will result in negative effects regard to employees satisfaction and business performance (R. L. Sorenson, 2000). There was a significant relationship between the project leaders professional qualification, his leadership style, and team composition and overall project performance (Odusami, 2003). Clift and Vandenbosch (1999) mentioned that autocratic leadership style is more common in short-cycle simple projects and participative leadership style is more common in short-cycle complex projects. Moreover, the long-cycle project leaders have also more tendencies to use the autocratic approach to lead the project. The Vroom and Yetton (1973) normative contingency model emphasizes increased follower involvement in decision making rangi ng from autocratic, consultative, to group leadership styles (Hollander Offermann, 1990). Baker (1980) has suggested studying the model because it can be useful for leaders in decision making and improving its process. Likert (1961) showed that a top level leader can issue his leadership style for the next leaders and make it as a leadership culture for the organization. For instance, a highly placed autocratic leader, who is low on input and participation from subordinates, can set a climate that limits the ability of leaders below to be participative (Hollander Offermann, 1990). Subordinate participation in decision making (PDM) as a human relation-based approach gave more tools for decision making. Schweiger and Leana (1986) by using PDM showed that no participation level (from fully autocratic to fully participative) can be employed for all followers in all kind of circumstances. Autocratic- oriented leadership may assume that his own awareness and information is enough for important decision making and followers are always less qualified for commitment. Such view point is unlike the participative leadership style. Job Satisfaction Description (Definitions and Business Impacts) 4 pages As one of the most important issues in organizational behavior, Job satisfaction considered as an attitudinal variable measuring the degree to which employees like their jobs and the various aspects of their jobs (Spector, 1996; Stamps, 1997). Locke (2002) gives a definition for job satisfaction as a pleasurable or a positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experience. it can be defined also as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the feelings a worker has about his or her job or job experiences in relation to previous experiences, current expectations, or available alternatives (Balzer, 1997). As Begley Czajka (1993) Chiu (2000) and Tharenou (1993) said, job satisfaction is related to increase Job performance, positivity of work values, raising the motivation of employees and decreasing the absenteeisms rates and so on. In fact the whole Attitudes of members in an organization constitute the Job satisfaction. Responding employees into their job descriptions indicates the ir obligation toward employers. Re-engineering and minifying of the organization can help employers specifying efficient employees. Robbinss (1998) suggestion shall be considered about being the basis of job satisfactions measurement on the difference between the amounts of actual receiving compensate and the amount of which they are expected to receive. There are too many studies about Job satisfaction as one the organizational behaviors main factors. The relationship between job satisfaction and other organizational outcomes like absenteeism, performance, organizational commitment and turnover leads to focus on it. Changing situation of every organization especially hospitality industry led to focus on how to made employees efficient and effective, and thus for reaching the answers that was necessary to start studying about job satisfaction. Motivation theories (Herzberg, Maslow, and Vroom) are the basis for most of job satisfactions approaches. Maslows (1943) hypothesis is based on a hierarchy containing five needs (psychological, safety, social, esteem and self actualization needs). It assumes such proposition; although no need is ever fully gratified, a substantially satisfied need no longer motivates (Faulk, 2002). So its critical for an organization to identify the level of every employee on the hierarchy and try to satisfy him/her at that or hyper level. Motivation-hygiene theory of Herzberg (1966) suggests two factors affecting on the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of employees. According to this two-factor theory, inner factors are related to job satisfaction (opportunity of personal achievement, essence of work and possibility of growing). Conversely, outer factors are related with job dissatisfaction (organizational policy, conditions of works and etc. Expectancy theory of Vroom (1964) hypothesizes a relationship between the tendency to behave in a certain way, strength of a given outcome and the attractiveness of that outcome to employees. It proposes that an employee will perform at the best level of possibility if he/she be sure of existing one strong relationship between endeavor and performance, performance and compensates, compensates and satisfaction of personal aims. As a measurable thing, job satisfaction can be assumed as global feeling related to job and its factors. A job satisfaction facet can be related to any aspect of a job, including rewards, coworkers, supervisors, the work itself, and the organizational (Faulk, 2002) Based on Spector (1997) studies, such approach can prepare one more clear perspective of employees job satisfaction than a global approach. The reason is about having various feelings of different facets of the job. There are two job satisfaction measurement tools containing the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). Both tools are developed for measurement of job satisfaction applying facet approach. Both of them measure the job satisfaction level by scaling satisfaction with distinctive facets of every employees job. The score of all facets including essence of work, competitors, supervisory and payment methods is gathered to make the summarized job satisfaction levels. Thereafter studies began to focus on using JDI and MSQ payment sub-scales for accretion of validity and making opportunity for comparing different results of studies (e.g., Berger Schwab, 1980; Blau, 1994; Capelli Sherer, 1988; Dreher, 1981; Dyer Theriault, 1976; Schwab Wallace, 1974). Organizational commitment is an important factor in organizational studies. It has a strong correlation with work-based factors like absenteeism, turnover, job satisfaction, leader-worker relationships (Arnolds Boshoff, 2004; Bagraim, 2003; Buck Watson, 2002; Eby, et al., 1999; Farrell Stamm, 1988; Lance, 1991; Mathieu Zajac, 1990; Michaels Spector, 1982; Tett Meyer, 1993; Wasti, 2003). Turn over can be defined as a states the individuals intentions to leave the organization (Faulk, 2002). Its another factor which has been considered having a relation to job satisfaction. Brockner et al. (2002) present that attention to justice in layoffs leads to increasing desirable reactions of workers for reaching the outcomes. Greenberg (1990a) showed the linkage of procedural justice with system satisfaction. Moreover he found the relativity between distributive justice and outcome satisfaction. Next studies support such model defining not only the impact of procedural justice on every organizational factor like organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviors but the impact of distributive justice on job specifications like job satisfaction. Such proceeding can be applied as a practical action for every organization. For increasing the level of commitment in organization, its necessary to focus proceedings on procedural justice perceptions. Otherwise for increasing the level of job satisfaction organization should focus on increasing distributive justice. Judge et al (2001) provided a review of relationship between job satisfaction and job performance qualitatively and quantitatively. They described 7 past qualitative models and finally because of un-integrity between all of them, used a new meta-analysis and developed a procedure for next researches about relationship between job satisfaction and job performance. Rusbult and Farrell (1983) studied The Impact of a longitudinal test of the investment model on job commitment, satisfaction and turnover of employees their study showed the differences between leavers and those who stayed in each factor of this model. Arvey et al (1989) examined environmental and genetic component on job satisfaction by using monozygotic twins and their findings was in consistent with genetic hypothesis and were applied as supplements of job satisfaction theories. Impacts of Autocratic Leadership Style on Employees Job Satisfaction 2 pages There are many worthy researches about leadership since the 1950s. This has divided into three areas: task-oriented, relation-oriented and participative leadership (Yukl, 2001). May be it is a common assumption that leadership style is based on everyones personality but functionally, it should be an optional choice. Leaders should have a wide range of behavioral solutions for every particular occasion. Goleman (2000) has defined six basic leadership styles deriving from various levels of emotional intelligence and applicable in specific situations. Each style has led organizational achievement with a specific manner. Our own working experiences tell us these are incontrovertible facts (Solutions Zones 2004). If we consider the autocratic management style as a kind of transactional style of leadership, there are a vast researches and applied findings about its relation with workers motivation, subordinates commitment and job satisfaction. The transformational leadership style has a positive association with work performance and organizational commitment of subordinates more than the transactional style. Transformational leaders produce higher leadership outcomes as well (Stephen Ogunlana, 2008). Also, Savery (1994) investigates on democratic style of leadership which is in opposite of autocratic one and says that The democratic style of leadership leads to a more positive organizational commitment from the individual and also higher job satisfactionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Rad Yarmohammadian (2006) found that Employees job satisfaction depends upon the leadership style of managers. The research shows that participative management is not always a good management style. Managers should select the best leadership style according to the organizational culture and employees organizational maturity (Rad Yarmohammadian, 2006). We indicate specific instances where it has been shown that an appropriate leadership style, and the competence and emotional intelligence of the leader, delivers better results (J.R. Turner R. Muller, 2005) Research has shown that the most successful leaders have strengths in the following emotional intelligence competencies: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skill (Goleman, 2000). Autocratic style as an approach must be used by a calculable method because in most of situations, it may have negative effects on motivation and flexibility of employees.

Human Fall Detection Using Kinect Sensor Essay -- falls, major risk fra

Falls are a major risk in our society which reduces the quality of the life for various people such as the old aged people who are at a higher risk of fall. This has been supported by NICE stating â€Å"Falling is the leading cause of injury-related admissions to hospital in those over 65. â€Å" For that reason various research has been conducted to discover the ideal solution for the dilemma. A variety of solutions has been produced as well, however the issue is still present. Therefore, this project’s research would be based on how another technology device such as Kinect could be used as a solution to the issue. Consequently, throughout the project, the discussion would be based on how the Kinect could play a role in resolving the problem and how the manipulation of the device can create such a tremendous applicability other than the specified purpose of gaming. Project Schedule Previously, in the project specification, a project timeline had been introduced to manage the time effectively for the delivery of the project on time. The timeline had not incorporated sufficient disruption time for the progression of the project which had an effect on the previous timeline that the project is slightly behind the schedule. The previous timeline is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Timeline from project specification. Most of the activity has gone according to the plan or achieved earlier than the allocated date. However, the implementation and testing has not adhered to the project timeline but the progress report has been completed before the allocated date. Implementation and testing has not been started due to the amount of research required for the project in-order to acquire the elementary understanding of how the project should be i... ...astorakis, G. and Makris, D. 2012. Fall detection system using Kinect’s infrared sensor. [e-book] Surrey: Faculty of Computing, Information Systems and Mathematics, Digital Imaging Research Centre. pp. 1-10. Available through: Springer Link http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/704/art%253A10.1007%252Fs11554-012-0246-9.pdf?auth66=1385201938_2821d8c75169ac286da18a72dcc5134c&ext=.pdf [Accessed: 21 Nov 2013]. NICE. 2013. Older patients at high risk of hospital falls. [online] Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/newsroom/news/OlderPatientsHighRiskHospitalFalls.jsp [Accessed: 20 Nov 2013]. Openni.org. 2013. About OpenNI - 3D sensing Technology for depth sensors | OpenNI. [online] Available at: http://www.openni.org/about/ [Accessed: 21 Nov 2013]. Openni.org. 2013. NiTE 2.2.0.11 | OpenNI. [online] Available at: http://www.openni.org/files/nite/ [Accessed: 21 Nov 2013].

A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams Essay -- A Streetcar Na

A Streetcar Named Desire Essay Reality vs. Illusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Tennessee William’s masterful play, A Streetcar Named Desire, the reader meets a middle – aged woman by the name of Blanche DuBois. Blanche lives in her own faerie tale world, one of a young, beautiful debutante, surrounded by admirers, and loved by all whom she encounters. In reality, Blanche is an aging woman who cannot cope with the actualities of life. She makes up wild stories, and when Stanley Kowalski, her brother – in – law, rapes her, the realities of life cause her to drift into absolute lunacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blanche appears at the apartment house where her sister, Stella, lives. She brings with her a trunk of fancy clothing, and a mind of dreams she believes are reality. As ...

Iagos Motivation in Shakespeares Othello :: Othello essays

Iago's Motivation in Othello      Ã‚   Iago is a "moral pyromaniac."   Harold C. Goddard writes that Iago consciously and unconsciously seeks to destroy the lives of others, especially others with high moral standards (Goddard 76).   However, Iago is more than just a "moral pyromaniac," he is a moral pyromaniac whose fire is fueled by pure hatred.   He is a hungry powermonger whose appetite for destruction can only be satisfied after he has chewed up and spat out the lives of others.   Iago lusts for power, but his sense of power is attained by manipulating and annihilating others in a cruel and unusual way.   Iago prepares and ignites his victims and then watches, with an excitable evil in his eye, as his human pyres go up in flames.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Iago undeniably has an unquenchable thirst for power and domination. Critics such as M. R. Ridley believe that the ability to hurt is the most convincing display of one's power   (Ridley lxi).   Iago has a deep, inbred desire to cause and view intolerable suffering.   The power of Iago is exercised when he prepares and then implements an evil plan designed to inflict man with the most extreme amounts of anguish possible.   Iago controls the play, he brilliantly determines how each character shall act and react.   He is a pressing advocate of evil, a pernicious escort, steering good people toward their own vulgar destruction.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Iago must first make careful preparations in order to make certain his fire of human destruction will burn with fury and rage.   He douses his victims with a false sense of honesty and goodness.   And, as do most skillful pyromaniacs, Iago first prepares his most important target, Othello:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though in the trade of war I have slain men,    Yet do I hold it very   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   stuff o'th' conscience   To do no contrived murder. I lack the iniquity.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . .   I had thought t'have yerked him under the ribs . . . . . .he prated   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And spoke such scurvy and provoking terms   Against your Honor   (I,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ii 1-10).    These sentences are obvious lies (to the reader), but they are crucial to the saboteur because they present Iago to Othello as a brave, loyal, and moral Iago's Motivation in Shakespeare's Othello :: Othello essays Iago's Motivation in Othello      Ã‚   Iago is a "moral pyromaniac."   Harold C. Goddard writes that Iago consciously and unconsciously seeks to destroy the lives of others, especially others with high moral standards (Goddard 76).   However, Iago is more than just a "moral pyromaniac," he is a moral pyromaniac whose fire is fueled by pure hatred.   He is a hungry powermonger whose appetite for destruction can only be satisfied after he has chewed up and spat out the lives of others.   Iago lusts for power, but his sense of power is attained by manipulating and annihilating others in a cruel and unusual way.   Iago prepares and ignites his victims and then watches, with an excitable evil in his eye, as his human pyres go up in flames.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Iago undeniably has an unquenchable thirst for power and domination. Critics such as M. R. Ridley believe that the ability to hurt is the most convincing display of one's power   (Ridley lxi).   Iago has a deep, inbred desire to cause and view intolerable suffering.   The power of Iago is exercised when he prepares and then implements an evil plan designed to inflict man with the most extreme amounts of anguish possible.   Iago controls the play, he brilliantly determines how each character shall act and react.   He is a pressing advocate of evil, a pernicious escort, steering good people toward their own vulgar destruction.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Iago must first make careful preparations in order to make certain his fire of human destruction will burn with fury and rage.   He douses his victims with a false sense of honesty and goodness.   And, as do most skillful pyromaniacs, Iago first prepares his most important target, Othello:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though in the trade of war I have slain men,    Yet do I hold it very   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   stuff o'th' conscience   To do no contrived murder. I lack the iniquity.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . .   I had thought t'have yerked him under the ribs . . . . . .he prated   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And spoke such scurvy and provoking terms   Against your Honor   (I,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ii 1-10).    These sentences are obvious lies (to the reader), but they are crucial to the saboteur because they present Iago to Othello as a brave, loyal, and moral